Big John wrote:


Some of us learned to fly IFR using needle, ball and airspeed (plus
whisky compass and altimeter).

Many still do, in the partial panel section of most courses.

I shot a full VOR approach, including two trips around a hold, on my IFR
checkride, with a simulated vacuum failure. Turns were made with my
whiskey compass and clock. I still had pitot-static instruments for
pitch and altitude information.