visualisation of the lift distribution over a wing

In article ,
Jim Logajan wrote:

Alan Baker wrote:
In article ,
Beryl wrote:

Alan Baker wrote:

It's like the downwash argument. You can say "IT DOESN'T MATTER",
when people argue that the air behind an aircraft is not deflected
downward, but it *does* matter. Having an accurate understanding of
the physical processes of flight matters.

It isn't really deflected downward, not for long anyway. It's
churning in a torus. Like a smoke ring.

No.

It really *is* deflected downward.

It's also deflected upward. ;-)

Here's why:
Because the airplane and the Earth have zero relative vertical velocity
during straight and level flight, conservation of momentum requires the
net vertical flow of air to also be zero.

Therefore in subsonic flows where the fluid is assumed incompressible, to
the extent any fluid is moving downward, conservation of mass requires an
equal amount of mass must be moving upward (the continuity requirement.)

Hence airplanes must cause air to move in circles.

Nope. Wrong.

The aircraft is experience an force upward the entire time it is in
flight. That force means there must be an equal force acting on the air,
and since the air was not moving vertically (in our idealized case for
this discussion) before the aircraft arrived, the force exerted on it
must mean that it is moving downward afterward it has passed.


The edges of the deflected area churn, and the air that is deflected
ends up getting diffused among all the other air below *it*, but it
really is deflected downward.

Yes some deflection downward occurs. But I don't know that it could be
said to "diffuse" in any sense due to conservation of mass and momentum
requirements.

As the air the plane has forced downward encounters more air, the
momentum is diffused so that a greater and greater mass of air moves
downward at smaller and smaller velocities (net)...

....until it encounters the ground.


And eventually, that downward deflection makes it way until it -- very
diffusely -- impacts upon the surface of the earth. That is the only
thing that finally stops it.

That assertion is not true in general. What appears to happen instead is
that any downward deflection is quickly reversed, leading to what is
known as a shed vortex. Here are some links on the subject:

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/shed.html

Sorry, but the vortex is an edge effect. The net flow is downward.

http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/downwash.html

While the deflected flow doesn't need to reach the surface of the earth
for the airplane to stay aloft, an increase in air _pressure_ would
eventually make its way to the surface.

--
Alan Baker
Vancouver, British Columbia
http://gallery.me.com/alangbaker/100008/DSCF0162/web.jpg