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50% of NAZI oil was supplied from US



 
 
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  #72  
Old October 23rd 03, 11:02 AM
Stuart Wilkes
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"Rostyslaw J. Lewyckyj" wrote in message ...
Stuart Wilkes wrote:

"Rostyslaw J. Lewyckyj" wrote in message ...

Stuart Wilkes wrote:


"Snuffy Smith" wrote in message et...


Don't forget to tell us about all the raw materials Uncle Joe sent to Nazi
Germany.

As well as the raw materials the US sent to Japan.

Stuart Wilkes


Did the US have a pact with Japan, similar to the Stalin Hitler,
Molotov Ribbentrop pact to divide Europe between them?



No. The US government had no particular interest in dividing Mongolia
and Siberia with Japan. Mongolia and Siberia are not particularly
feasable routes if a Japanese government has the intention of
attacking the US. And the Japanese attacks on the Soviets and
Mongolia drew no adverse reaction from the US.

Stuart Wilkes


Regarding your assertion equating pre 1941 US Japan trade with
soviet assistance to Hitlers reich.


yes, Rostyk?

Wasn't there an embargo placed on shipments of steel between
the two countries, as well as access to oil?


Not while the Soviet-Japan border war was going. That ran between
1937 - 1939. The US did not freeze Japanese assets and embargo scrap
steel and oil until 1941.

How does this support your implications?


It has nothing to do with them, since the shipments continued
throughout the entire Soviet-Japan border war.

Stuart Wilkes
  #73  
Old October 23rd 03, 11:44 AM
Keith Willshaw
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"Stuart Wilkes" wrote in message
om...
"Rostyslaw J. Lewyckyj" wrote in message

...
Stuart Wilkes wrote:



Wasn't there an embargo placed on shipments of steel between
the two countries, as well as access to oil?


Not while the Soviet-Japan border war was going. That ran between
1937 - 1939. The US did not freeze Japanese assets and embargo scrap
steel and oil until 1941.

How does this support your implications?


It has nothing to do with them, since the shipments continued
throughout the entire Soviet-Japan border war.


No state of war was ever declared, there were a series of
border clashes culminating in the battle of Khalkin Ghol
between May and Sept 1939.

Keith


  #74  
Old October 23rd 03, 07:40 PM
Stuart Wilkes
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Default

"Keith Willshaw" wrote in message ...
"Stuart Wilkes" wrote in message
om...
"Rostyslaw J. Lewyckyj" wrote in message

...
Stuart Wilkes wrote:



Wasn't there an embargo placed on shipments of steel between
the two countries, as well as access to oil?


Not while the Soviet-Japan border war was going. That ran between
1937 - 1939. The US did not freeze Japanese assets and embargo scrap
steel and oil until 1941.

How does this support your implications?


It has nothing to do with them, since the shipments continued
throughout the entire Soviet-Japan border war.


No state of war was ever declared,


A state of war existed. Hence all the tanks going to-and-fro over
various borders.

there were a series of border clashes culminating in the battle of
Khalkin Ghol between May and Sept 1939.


Border clashes... that inflicted more casualties on the IJA than the
British Armed Forces managed at Singapore. Hm.

Stuart Wilkes
  #75  
Old October 24th 03, 07:48 AM
Michael Petukhov
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"Geoffrey Sinclair" wrote in message ...
This will probably appear in the wrong place thanks to a bad
news server.


Bad or not that bad. How about this?

Michael
---------------------------------

The A Word
By Mickey Z.

There's a petition making the rounds on the Internet that reads: "We
demand that the government of the United States cease and desist its
failed policy of appeasement concerning Saddam Hussein and with all
dispatch and all force necessary, rid us of the terrorist Saddam
Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction before he can use them in
his ongoing war against the United States."

The key word here is not "terrorist," it's "appeasement." Without it,
the petition would be impotent. Without it, there would be no
invocation of The Good War.

What we're taught about the years leading up to the Second World War
involves alleged appeasement of the Third Reich, i.e., if only the
Allies were stronger in their resolve, the Axis powers could have been
stopped.

Having made that mistake once, the mantra goes, we can't make it
again.

There are many issues swirling about the current situation in Iraq but
comparing Hussein to Hitler and invoking the A Word activates the
following historical façade: by whipping the original axis of evil in
a noble and popular war, the United States and its allies can now wave
the banner of humanitarianism and intervene with impunity across the
globe without their motivations being questioned … especially when
every enemy of the U.S. is likened to Hitler.

Perhaps the first step in challenging this so-called analysis would be
to demonstrate that it wasn't appeasement that took place prior to
WWII. It was, in the best cases, indifference; at worst it was
collaboration based on economic greed and more than a little shared
ideology.

The pursuit of profit long ago transcended national borders and
national loyalty. In the decades before WWII, doing business with
Hitler's Germany or Mussolini's Italy (or, as a proxy, Franco's Spain)
proved no more unsavory to the captains of industry than selling
military hardware to Indonesia does today. What's a little repression
when there's money to be made? In other words, when William E. Dodd,
U.S. ambassador to Germany during the 1930s, declared "a clique of
U.S. industrialists is working closely with the fascist regime[s] in
Germany and Italy," he wasn't kidding.

"Many leaders of Wall Street and of the U.S. foreign policy
establishment had maintained close ties with their German counterparts
since the 1920s, some having intermarried or shared investments," says
investigative reporter Christopher Simpson. "This went so far in the
1930s as the sale in New York of bonds whose proceeds helped finance
the Aryanization of companies and real estate looted from German Jews
… U.S. investment in Germany accelerated rapidly after Hitler came to
power." Such investment increased "by some 48.5 percent between 1929
and 1940, while declining sharply everywhere else in continental
Europe."

The Collaborators

Among the U.S. corporations that invested in Germany during the 1920s
were Ford, General Motors, General Electric, Standard Oil, Texaco,
International Harvester, ITT, and IBM — all of whom were more than
happy to see the German labor movement and working-class parties
smashed. For many of these companies, operations in Germany continued
during the war (even if it meant the use of concentration-camp slave
labor) with overt U.S. government support. "Pilots were given
instructions not to hit factories in Germany that were owned by U.S.
firms," writes Michael Parenti. "Thus Cologne was almost leveled by
Allied bombing but its Ford plant, providing military equipment for
the Nazi army, was untouched; indeed, German civilians began using the
plant as an air raid shelter."

International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) was founded by Sosthenes
Behn, an unabashed supporter of the Führer even as the Luftwaffe was
bombing civilians in London. ITT was responsible for creating the Nazi
communications system, along with supplying vital parts for German
bombs. According to journalist Jonathan Vankin, "Behn allowed his
company to cover for Nazi spies in South America, and one of ITT's
subsidiaries bought a hefty swath of stock in the airline company that
built Nazi bombers."

Behn himself met with Hitler in 1933 (the first American businessman
to do so) and became a double agent of sorts. While reporting on the
activities of German companies to the U.S. government, Behn was also
contributing money to Heinrich Himmler's Schutzstaffel (SS) and
recruiting Nazis onto ITT's board. In 1940, Behn entertained a close
friend and high-ranking Nazi, Gerhard Westrick, in the United States
to discuss a potential U.S.-German business alliance, precisely as
Hitler's blitzkrieg was overrunning most of Europe and Nazi atrocities
were becoming known worldwide.

In early 1946, having relied on the Dulles brothers to survive his
open flirtation with Nazi Germany, instead of facing prosecution for
treason, Behn ended up collecting $27 million from the U.S. government
for "war damages inflicted on its German plants by Allied bombing." He
was in the perfect position to lobby President Truman concerning the
newly formed Central Intelligence Group (CIG). Meeting with the chair
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral William D. Leahy, in the White
House, Behn, as recorded in Leahy's diary, generously offered for
consideration "the possibility of utilizing the service of [ITT's]
personnel in American intelligence activities."

In December 1933, Standard Oil of New York invested $1 million in
Germany for the making of gasoline from soft coal. Undeterred by the
well-publicized events of the next decade, Standard Oil also honored
its chemical contracts with I.G. Farben — a German chemical cartel
that manufactured Zyklon-B, the poison gas used in the Nazi gas
chambers — right up until 1942. Other companies that traded with the
Reich and, in some cases, directly aided the war machine, before and
during this time, included Chase Manhattan Bank, Davis Oil, DuPont,
Bendix, Sperry Gyroscope, and the aforementioned General Motors. GM
top man William Knudsen called Nazi Germany "the miracle of the 20th
century."

On the governmental front, U.S. Secretary of State Breckinridge Long
curiously gave Ford Motor Company permission to manufacture Nazi tanks
while simultaneously restricting aid to German-Jewish refugees because
the Neutrality Act of 1935 barred trade with belligerent countries.
Miraculously, this embargo did not include petroleum products and
Mussolini's Italy tripled its gasoline and oil imports in order to
support its war effort while Texaco exploited this convenient loophole
to cozy up to Spain's resident fascist, Generalissimo Francisco
Franco.

The Dulles Brothers

And then there was Sullivan and Cromwell, the most powerful Wall
Street law firm of the 1930s. John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles —
the two brothers who guided the firm; the same two brothers who
boycotted their own sister's 1932 wedding because the groom was Jewish
— served as the contacts for the company responsible for the gas in
the Nazi gas chambers, I.G. Farben. During the pre-war period, the
elder John Foster led off cables to his German clients with the
salutation "Heil Hitler," and he blithely dismissed the Nazi threat in
1935 in a piece he wrote for the Atlantic Monthly. In 1939, he told
the Economic Club of New York, "We have to welcome and nurture the
desire of the New Germany to find for her energies a new outlet."

"Hitler's attacks on the Jews and his growing propensity for
territorial expansion seem to have left Dulles unmoved," writes
historian Robert Edward Herzstein. "Twice a year, [Dulles] visited the
Berlin office of the firm, located in the luxurious Esplanade Hotel."

Ultimately, it was little brother Allen who actually got to meet the
German dictator, and eventually smoothed over the blatant Nazi ties of
ITT's Sosthenes Behn. "(Allen) Dulles was an originator of the idea
that multinational corporations are instruments of U.S. foreign policy
and therefore exempt from domestic laws," Vankin writes. This idea
later took root in U.S.-dominated institutions and agreements like the
World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and World Trade Organization.

Leonard Mosley, biographer of the Dulles brothers, defends Allen by
evoking the never-fail, all-purpose alibi of anticommunism. The
younger Dulles, Mosley claims, "made his loathing of the Nazis plain,
years before World War II … (it was) the Russians (who tried) to link
his name with bankers who financed Hitler." However, in 1946, both
brothers would play a major role in the founding of the United States'
intelligence community and the subsequent recruiting of Nazi war
criminals.

Henry Ford

One Third Reich supporter who never required a disclaimer was Henry
Ford, the autocratic magnate who despised unions, tyrannized workers,
and fired any employee caught driving a competitor's model. Ford, an
outspoken anti-Semite, believed that Jews corrupted gentiles with
"syphilis, Hollywood, gambling, and jazz." In 1918, he bought and ran
a newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, which became an anti-Jewish
forum.

"The New York Times reported in 1922 that there was a widespread rumor
circulating in Berlin claiming that Henry Ford was financing Adolf
Hitler's nationalist and anti-Semitic movement in Munich," write James
and Suzanne Pool in their book Who Financed Hitler. "Novelist Upton
Sinclair wrote in The Flivver King, a book about Ford, that the Nazis
got $40,000 from Ford to reprint anti-Jewish pamphlets in German
translations, and that an additional $300,000 was later sent to Hitler
through a grandson of the ex-Kaiser who acted as intermediary."

An appreciative Adolf Hitler kept a large picture of the automobile
pioneer besides his desk, explaining: "We look to Heinrich (sic) Ford
as the leader of the growing Fascist movement in America." Hitler
hoped to support such a movement by offering to "import some shock
troops to the U.S. to help [Ford] run for president."

In 1938, on Henry Ford's 75th birthday, he was awarded the Grand Cross
of the Supreme Order of the German Eagle from the Führer himself. He
was the first American (GM's James Mooney would be second) and only
the fourth person in the world to receive the highest decoration that
could be given to any non-German citizen. An earlier honoree was none
other than kindred spirit, Benito Mussolini.

Nazism's Working Class Support

U.S. support for Nazism transcended class. A February 20, 1939 rally
drew 22,000 avid followers, all marching and raising their arms in a
Nazi salute to their leader. The venue was Madison Square Garden where
frenzied members of the German-American Bund cheered Fritz Kuhn as he
stood before a 30-foot high portrait of George Washington flanked by
black swastikas, leading them in a chant of "Free Amerika!" (a
rallying cry which had just recently replaced "Sieg Heil!"), while
1,300 New York City policemen stood guard outside the building.

A U.S. citizen who served in the German Army during the First World
War, Kuhn stirred up his mostly German-American conscripts by
explaining that Lenin was a Jew, J. P. Morgan had Jewish blood, and
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's real name was "Rosenfeld." Other anti-FDR
rumors spread by his adversaries were often aimed at the high-profile
First Lady, Eleanor, i.e., she had given the president gonorrhea
(which she had "contracted from a Negro") and she was known to visit
Moscow "to learn unspeakable sexual practices."

Kuhn's endless proselytizing did not go unnoticed by the Third Reich;
he attended the 1936 Olympics as an honored guest and met Adolf Hitler
by special invitation. "Fritz Kuhn awkwardly presented the Führer with
$3,000, a gift for a Nazi relief fund," writes Herzstein. "Hitler was
not particularly impressed with this rag-tag group, but this did not
bother Kuhn, if he realized at all. Eager to trade on his new
notoriety, Kuhn implied that he came home from Berlin bearing Hitler's
blessing."

Doing his part to prey on the fears of everyday Americans was Father
Charles Coughlin, a Canadian-born Catholic priest who rose to
prominence during the Depression as a radio commentator with upwards
of 15 million to 20 million listeners (with some estimates as high as
40 million) on 47 stations.

"No friend of the Jews, Coughlin believed that Professor Felix
Frankfurter and labor leader David Dubinsky exercised undue influence
on FDR," says Herzstein. "He called them communists." When Rev.
Coughlin was asked by a Boston Globe reporter to prove this
allegation, the priest belted the journalist in the face.

While his attacks on Jews did cost him some of his audience, Coughlin
remained undeterred in his rants against the "Christ-killers and
Christ-rejecters." He even went as far as reprinting the notorious
anti-Semitic tract "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" in his newspaper,
Social Justice, in 1938. The demagogic clergyman perceived U.S. aid to
Britain as the first step in a plan to "substitute Karl Marx for
George Washington." For his efforts, the Nazi press labeled Coughlin
"America's most powerful radio commentator."

Il Duce

Adolf Hitler and his Nazi regime were not the only recipients of
American moral support; there was a particular blacksmith's son who
also merited the attention of U.S. businessmen and lawmakers alike.
Benito Mussolini, exploiting the fears of an anti-communist ruling
class in Italy, installed himself as head of the single-party fascist
state in 1925 after declaring three years earlier that, "either they
will give us the government or we shall take it by descending on
Rome." Virulently anticommunist, anti-Semitic, and anti-labor like
Hitler, Il Duce ("the leader") was prone to pronouncements like this:
"We stand for a new principle in the world. We stand for the sheer,
categorical, definitive antithesis to the world of democracy.

Putting this doctrine into action, Il Duce took aim at Italy's
powerful unions. The solution was to smash unions, political
organizations, and civil liberties. This included the destruction of
labor halls, the shutting down of opposition newspapers, and unions
and strikes were outlawed in both Italy and Germany. Union property
and farm collectives were confiscated and handed over to rich private
owners. Even child labor was reintroduced in Mussolini's Italy.

Despite or perhaps because of the Blackshirts, the terror tactics, the
smashing of democratic institutions, and the blatant fascist
posturing, Mussolini received some rave reviews on both sides of the
Atlantic.

"It is easy to mistake, in times of political turmoil, the words of a
disciplinarian for those of a dictator. Mussolini is a severe
disciplinarian, but no dictator," wrote New York Times senior foreign
correspondent Walter Littlefield in 1922. Further serving the
corporate roots of the U.S. media, Littlefield went on to advise that
"if the Italian people are wise, they will accept the Fascismo, and by
accepting [they will] gain the power to regulate and control it." Six
days earlier, an unsigned Times editorial observed that "in Italy as
everywhere else, the great complaint against democracy is its
inefficiency ... Dr. Mussolini's experiment will perhaps tells us
something more about the possibilities of oligarchic administration."

In January 1927, Winston Churchill wrote to Il Duce, gushing "if I had
been an Italian, I am sure I would have been entirely with you from
the beginning to the end of your victorious struggle against the
bestial appetites and passions of Leninism." Even after the advent of
war, Churchill still found room in his heart for the Italian dictator,
explaining to Parliament in 1940: "I do not deny that he is a very
great man but he became a criminal when he attacked England."

Other unabashed apologists for Dr. Mussolini included:

Richard W. Child, former ambassador to Rome, who stated in 1938: "it
is absurd to say that Italy groans under discipline. Italy chortles
with it! It is victor! Time has shown that Mussolini is both wise and
humane."
The House of Morgan loaned $100 million to the Italian government in
the late 1920s, and then reinvested it in Italy upon its repayment.
Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, who, also in the late 1920s,
renegotiated the Italian debt to the U.S. on terms more favorable by
far than those obtained by Britain, France, or Belgium.
Governor Philip F. La Follette of Wisconsin (considered presidential
timber in the 1930s) kept an autographed photo of Il Duce on his wall.
A 1934 Cole Porter song originally contained the lyrics, "You're the
tops, you're Mussolini." It was eventually changed to "the Mona Lisa."
As late as 1940, 80 percent of the Italian-language dailies in the
U.S. were pro-Mussolini.
The ultraconservative Pope Pius XI who shared Mussolini's Bolshevik
paranoia provided support from a "higher source". In exchange for
Fascist recognition of the independence of Vatican City, the pope
bestowed his blessing upon Il Duce's invasion of Ethiopia and his
intervention in the Spanish Civil War. Even after Italy had aligned
itself with Nazi Germany, the papacy never broke with either Fascist
regime.

Finally, for support from the highest of all sources, there was FDR
himself who, well into the 1930s, was "deeply impressed" with Benito
Mussolini and referred to the Italian ruler as that "admirable Italian
gentleman."

A Fascist Coup in America?

Despite Roosevelt's positive assessment of the strongman of Italian
fascism, there is evidence that some home-grown fascists may have
cautiously explored the option of an American coup. In 1934, the
DuPonts and the Morgans tried to hire former Marine Gen. Smedley
Butler (Ret.) to stage a fascist overthrow of the supposedly liberal
Roosevelt administration. Later that year, Butler testified before a
congressional committee convened to investigate this possible
sedition.

After claiming that Wall Street brokers had offered him millions of
dollars to set up a fascist army of half a million, Butler explained
that Gerald MacGuire of Grayson Murphy and Company had told him that
FDR would remain as a figurehead president. Businessmen and generals
would run the country and everything would be legal. Before passing
judgment on the veracity of Butler's claims, consider how the general
himself summarized his career before a legionnaires convention in
1931:

"I spent 33 years ... being a high-class muscle man for Big Business,
for Wall Street and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer for
capitalism ... I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking
house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912. I helped make Mexico and
especially Tampico safe for American oil interests in 1916. I brought
light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916.
I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City
[Bank] boys to collect revenue in. I helped in the rape of a half a
dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street."

The alleged coup plan fizzled when Butler told FDR about it, thus
presenting the president with a new problem. Fearful of the financial
fallout of arresting anyone named Morgan or DuPont, FDR chose instead
to leak the news to the press. "Not for the first time or last time in
his career, [Roosevelt] was aware that there were powers greater than
he in the United States," says author Charles Higham.

Press reports led to the congressional investigation, which delved
into the role played in the proposed takeover by General Douglas
MacArthur. Thanks to the influence of big business, however, Congress
found the task of rooting out fascism among U.S. financiers and
corporate heads unnecessary.

"Butler begged the committee to summon the Du Ponts," says Higham,
"but the committee declined. Nor would it consent to call anyone from
the house of Morgan." Thus, while the supposed arsenal of democracy
was gearing up to do battle with totalitarianism, the very mechanism
of its popular support was under strenuous attack from the economic
elites in whose hands the power truly lies.

As a certain "admirable Italian gentleman" once declared, "Fascism is
corporatism."

This is where the most relevant similarities between Hussein and
Hitler exist. Despite committing atrocities, both murderers received
overt and covert support from the West in general and the United
States in particular ... all in the name of profit.

The United States, with its stockpile of lethal weapons and no
shortage of leaders dying to use them, has never been in the
appeasement business.

When President-Select Bush says, "You are either with us or against
us," he's merely selling old wine in a new bottle.

Mickey Z. is the author of Saving Private Power: The Hidden History of
"The Good War" (www.softskull.com) on which this article is based. He
can be reached at: .
  #76  
Old October 24th 03, 09:36 AM
Keith Willshaw
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"Michael Petukhov" wrote in message
om...
"Geoffrey Sinclair" wrote in message

...
This will probably appear in the wrong place thanks to a bad
news server.



Among the U.S. corporations that invested in Germany during the 1920s
were Ford, General Motors, General Electric, Standard Oil, Texaco,
International Harvester, ITT, and IBM - all of whom were more than
happy to see the German labor movement and working-class parties
smashed. For many of these companies, operations in Germany continued
during the war (even if it meant the use of concentration-camp slave
labor) with overt U.S. government support. "Pilots were given
instructions not to hit factories in Germany that were owned by U.S.
firms," writes Michael Parenti. "Thus Cologne was almost leveled by
Allied bombing but its Ford plant, providing military equipment for
the Nazi army, was untouched; indeed, German civilians began using the
plant as an air raid shelter."


This is nonsense.

From the diary entry of Warren C Brown who was a crew member of
a the 'Honey Chile' of the 486th bomb group

"Saturday, Oct 14 **
Thus begins our big 3 day adventure. We got up at 3:30 am (after two hours
of sleep) to eat breakfast and be at briefing at 4:30 am. We were briefed
for the same target (Cologne) as yesterday. We are to bomb it at 27,000 ft,
and our visual target is the German Ford Motor Company plant in Cologne."

The simple fact is that Ford at Cologne WERE an aiming point and
while the Ford plant itself was still 80% intact its production was
halved by June 1944 and stopped by October as a result of the
failure of power and destruction of transport infrastructure caused
by the heavy bombing of city. The Allies realised by 1944 that
if you bombed the power plants and railways you could stop
production much more effectively than trying to bomb dispersed
factory complexes.

Keith


  #78  
Old October 24th 03, 07:06 PM
The Revolution Will Not Be Televised
external usenet poster
 
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Default

On Fri, 24 Oct 2003 09:36:10 +0100, "Keith Willshaw"
wrote:

"Pilots were given
instructions not to hit factories in Germany that were owned by U.S.
firms," writes Michael Parenti. "Thus Cologne was almost leveled by
Allied bombing but its Ford plant, providing military equipment for
the Nazi army, was untouched; indeed, German civilians began using the
plant as an air raid shelter."


This is nonsense.


Indeed. The fact the the US government had to compensate US firms for
damage and loss to their property in Germany incurred during the war,
including by bombing by USAAF aircraft, contradicts it.

[snip more loon shooting by Keith]

Gavin Bailey


--

"Will Boogie Down For Food".- Sign held by Disco Stu outside the unemployment office.
  #79  
Old October 24th 03, 09:12 PM
Stuart Wilkes' mom
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Posts: n/a
Default

Stuey,

It's time to go to bed. Now get your batman pajamas on and turn that
computer off.



"Stuart Wilkes" wrote in message
om...
"Keith Willshaw" wrote in message

...
"Stuart Wilkes" wrote in message
om...
"Rostyslaw J. Lewyckyj" wrote in message

...
Stuart Wilkes wrote:



Wasn't there an embargo placed on shipments of steel between
the two countries, as well as access to oil?

Not while the Soviet-Japan border war was going. That ran between
1937 - 1939. The US did not freeze Japanese assets and embargo scrap
steel and oil until 1941.

How does this support your implications?

It has nothing to do with them, since the shipments continued
throughout the entire Soviet-Japan border war.


No state of war was ever declared,


A state of war existed. Hence all the tanks going to-and-fro over
various borders.

there were a series of border clashes culminating in the battle of
Khalkin Ghol between May and Sept 1939.


Border clashes... that inflicted more casualties on the IJA than the
British Armed Forces managed at Singapore. Hm.

Stuart Wilkes



 




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