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Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstr...orth_Albemarle
The Armstrong Whitworth A.W.41 Albemarle was a British twin-engine transport aircraft that entered service during the Second World War. Originally designed as a medium bomber, the Albemarle was used for general and special transport duties, paratroop transport, and glider towing. Albemarle squadrons participated in Normandy and the assault on Arnhem during Operation Market Garden. The Albemarle was a mid-wing, cantilever monoplane with twin fins and rudders. The fuselage was built in three sections; the structure being unstressed plywood over a steel tube frame. The forward section used stainless steel tubing to reduce interference with magnetic compasses. It had a Lockheed hydraulically operated, retractable tricycle landing gear, with the main wheels retracting back into the engine nacelles and the nose wheel retracting backwards into the front fuselage. The two pilots sat side-by-side with the radio operator behind the pilots and the navigator sat in the nose forward of the cockpit. The bomb aimer's sighting panel was incorporated into the crew hatch in the underside of the nose. In the rear fuselage were glazed panels for a "fire controller" to coordinate the turrets against attackers. The dorsal turret was a Boulton-Paul design with four Browning machine guns. A fairing forward of the turret automatically retracted as the turret rotated to fire forwards. Fuel was in four tanks and additional tanks could be carried in the bomb bay. A notable design feature of the Albemarle was its undercarriage, which included a retractable nose-wheel (in addition to a semi-concealed "bumper" tail-wheel). It was the first British-built aircraft with this configuration to enter service with the Royal Air Force. The original bomber design required a crew of six including two gunners; one in a four-gun dorsal turret and one in a twin-gun ventral turret but only the first 32 aircraft, the Mk I Series I, were produced in this configuration, and they were only used operationally as bombers on two occasions. The Albemarle was considered inferior to other aircraft already in service, such as the Vickers Wellington. All subsequent aircraft were built as transports, called either "General Transport" (GT) or "Special Transport" (ST). When used as a paratroop transport, ten fully armed troops could be carried. The paratroopers were provided with a dropping hatch in the rear fuselage and a large loading door in the fuselage side. The production run of 600 Albemarles was assembled by A.W. Hawksley Ltd of Gloucester, a subsidiary of the Gloster Aircraft Company formed to build the Albemarle. Gloster was a part of the Hawker Siddeley group which included Armstrong Whitworth. Individual parts and sub-assemblies for the Albemarle were produced by about 1,000 subcontractors. Role Transport, glider tug Manufacturer A W Hawksley Ltd Designer Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft First flight 20 March 1940 Primary user RAF Produced 1941–1945 Number built 602 The first Albemarle (P1360) first flew on 20 March 1940 at Hamble Aerodrome, where it was assembled by Air Service Training and was the first of two prototypes built by Armstrong Whitworth. To improve take-off, a wider span 77 ft (23 m) wing was fitted after the eighth aircraft. Plans for using it as a bomber were dropped due to delays in reaching service, it was not an improvement over current medium bombers (such as the Vickers Wellington) and it had obvious shortcomings compared to the four-engined heavy bombers about to enter service but it was considered suitable for general reconnaissance. The Soviet Air Force placed a contract for delivery of 200 Albemarles in October 1942. A RAF unit No. 305 FTU, at RAF Errol near Dundee was set up to train Soviet ferry crews. During training, one aircraft was lost with no survivors. The first RAF squadron to operate the Albemarle was No. 295 at RAF Harwell in January 1943. Other squadrons to be equipped with the Albemarle included No. 296, No. 297 and No. 570. The first operational flight was on 9 February 1943, by a 296 Squadron Albemarle which dropped leaflets over Lisieux in Normandy. From mid-1943, RAF Albemarles took part in many British airborne operations, beginning with the invasion of Sicily. The pinnacle of the aircraft's career was a series of operations for D-Day, on the night of 5/6 June 1944. 295 and 296 Squadrons sent aircraft to Normandy with the pathfinder force and 295 Squadron claimed to be the first squadron to drop Allied airborne troops over Normandy. On 6 June 1944, four Albemarle squadrons and the operational training unit sent aircraft during Operation Tonga; 296 Squadron used 19 aircraft to tow Airspeed Horsas, 295 Squadron towed 21 Horsas, although it lost six in transit, 570 Squadron sent 22 aircraft with ten towing gliders and 42 OTU used four aircraft. For Operation Mallard on 7 June 1944, the squadrons towed 220 Horsas and 30 Hamilcars to Normandy. On 17 September 1944, during Operation Market Garden at Arnhem, 54 Horsas and two Waco Hadrian gliders were towed to the Netherlands by 28 Albemarles of 296 and 297 squadrons; 45 aircraft were sent the following day towing gliders. Of the 602 aircraft delivered, 17 were lost on operations and 81 lost in accidents. The last Royal Air Force unit to operate the type was the Heavy Glider Conversion Unit, which replaced the Albemarles with Handley Page Halifaxes in February 1946 and the type was retired from operational units. Specifications (ST Mk I) General characteristics Crew: 4 Capacity: 10 paratroopers in ST Payload: 4,000 lb freight (1,820 kg) Length: 59 ft 11 in (18.26 m) Wingspan: 77 ft 0 in (23.47 m) Height: 15 ft 7 in (4.75 m) Wing area: 804 ft² (74.6 m²) Empty weight: 25,347 lb (10,270 kg) Loaded weight: 36,500 lb (16,556 kg) Max. takeoff weight: 36,500 lb (16,590 kg) Powerplant: 2 × Bristol Hercules XI radial engine, 1,590 hp (1,190 kW) each Propellers: De Havilland hydromatic propeller Performance Maximum speed: 230 kn (265 mph, 426 km/h) at 10,500 ft (3,200 m) Cruise speed: 148 kn (170 mph, 274 km/h) Stall speed: 61 kn (70 mph, 113 km/h) Range: 1,300 mi (2,092 km) Service ceiling: 18,000 ft (5,486 m) Rate of climb: 980 ft/min (5.0 m/s) Armament Guns: 4 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine guns in dorsal turret. 2 × .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns in ventral turret (first prototype only) Bombs: Internal bomb bay for 4,500 lb (2,041 kg) of bombs * |
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