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Avro York
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_York
The Avro York was a British transport aircraft developed by Avro during the Second World War. The design was derived from the famed Avro Lancaster heavy bomber that was being produced at the time for the Royal Air Force (RAF); several sections of the York and Lancaster being identical. Due to priority being placed on the Lancaster instead, production of the York proceeded at a slow pace until 1944, after which a higher priority was placed upon transport aircraft. The York saw service in both military and civilian roles with various operators between 1943 and 1964. In civilian service, British South American Airways (BSAA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) were the largest users of the type. In military service, large numbers of Yorks were used during the high-profile air-supply missions during the Berlin Blockade 1948–49. Notably, a number of the type were used as air transports of heads of state and government; VIPs who flew on Yorks, included British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, French General Charles de Gaulle, Indian Governor-General Lord Mountbatten and South African Prime Minister Jan Smuts. The Avro York is a high-wing cantilever monoplane using an all-metal construction, bearing many similarities to the Lancaster from which it was derived. The wings use a two-spar structure, which internally housed seven fuel tanks contained 2,478 gallons between the spars. The outboard panels of the wings are tapered on both edges and are furnished with detachable tips. The wings feature all-metal hydraulically-actuated split trailing edge flaps and carry the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in four underslung nacelles attached to the front wing spar. Each engine drives a three-bladed constant-speed fully feathering metal propeller, manufactured by de Havilland Hydromatic. The fuselage is of a semi-monocoque construction complete with a flush-rivetted skin, and was built in five separate sections. In a typical passenger configuration, the York could accommodate a 21-seat three-abreast arrangement split between the fore and aft cabins; the main entrance door along with cloakrooms and lavatory were set between the two cabins, a kitchen and baggage hold was located at the rear of the cabin. Emergency exits were present in the ceiling of each cabin. Passengers were subjected to considerably noisy conditions, which was due to the aircraft's engines. From a pilot's perspective, the York typically proved to be reasonably pleasant to fly Role Transport Manufacturer Avro Designer Roy Chadwick First flight 5 July 1942 Introduction 1944 Retired 1964 Status Two examples on display Primary users Royal Air Force BOAC British South American Airways Skyways Ltd Produced 1943–1949 Number built 259 (including prototypes) Developed from Avro Lancaster In 1945, No. 511 Squadron became the first squadron to be fully equipped with Yorks; eventually a total of ten squadrons of RAF Transport Command were wholly or partially equipped with the York. In military service, the York was used on all of the trunk routes operated by Transport Command, such as the critical England–India route. Overall, 208 Yorks were manufactured for the RAF. During the Berlin Airlift, RAF Yorks from seven different squadrons flew over 58,000 sorties to provide the city with vital supplies between 1948 and 1949. In total, in excess of 1,000,000 tons was carried by the York fleet; the type had borne close to half of the British contribution, alongside other aircraft such as the Douglas Dakota and Handley Page Hastings. Following the end of the Airlift, the RAF retired much of their York fleet; around 40 of these were sold onto civilian operators while many others were scrapped due to the onset of corrosion. During the 1950s, numerous military contracts were issued to civilian York operators. On 21 February 1944, the first civilian York (G-AGJA), initially built for the RAF as MW103, received its airworthiness certificate, thus clearing its delivery shortly thereafter to the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). On 22 April 1944, the York inaugurated an initial UK-Morocco-Cairo route. Following the diversion of the first five RAF production Yorks to BOAC, it was decided to allocate a further 60 to the airline. Early BOAC operations were conducted in closely collaboration with No. 216 Group RAF; this led to some early Yorks bearing a confusing combination of both civilian registrations and military external markings. Flights were soon established to Johannesburg, South Africa, in conjunction with South African Airways; Yorks assigned to this route outfitted with a total of 12 sleeping berths in addition to passenger seating due to the journey time. The majority of BOAC's York fleet were fully furnished passenger airliners or as combi passenger-cargo aircraft. Specifications (Avro York) General characteristics Crew: five (two pilots, navigator, wireless operator, cabin steward) Capacity: 56 passengers Payload: 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) Length: 78 ft 6 in (23.9 m) Wingspan: 102 ft 0 in (31.1 m) Height: 16 ft 6 in (5 m) Wing area: 1,297 ft² (120.5 m²) Empty weight: 40,000 lb (18,150 kg) Loaded weight: 65,000 lb (29,480 kg) Powerplant: 4 × Rolls-Royce Merlin 24 liquid-cooled V12 engines, 1,280 hp (955 kW) each Performance Maximum speed: 298 mph (258 kn, 479 km/h) at 21,000 ft (6,400 m) Range: 3,000 mi (2,600 nmi, 4,800 km) Service ceiling: 23,000 ft (7,010 m) Rate of climb: 820 ft/min (4.2 m/s) Wing loading: 54 lb/ft² (260 kg/m²) Power/mass: 0.079 hp/lb (130 W/kg) * |
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