Lung Disease And Flying

On Jun 27, 7:33*am, ad hominem wrote:
snip

Lmpdck Little Atheist Btch

"Chelating agents to facilitate thrombolysis"


Modification of fibrin structure as a possible cause of thrombolytic
resistance
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
Boguslaw Lipinski1
(1) Department of Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA


Published online: 24 June 2009


Abstract
This paper presents a concept according to which free radicals,
specifically
the most biologically active hydroxyl radicals, induce structural
modifications
in fibrin(ogen) molecules making them resistant to proteolytic
degradation.
Such changes are analogous to those in congeneticaly altered
fibrinogen that
give rise to plasmin resistant fibrin clots and consequently to
thrombosis.
In view of the fact that hydroxyl radicals are generated in the
Fenton
reaction
in the presence of iron and/or copper ions, the use of chelating
agents to
facilitate thrombolysis is rationalized.
Moreover, the resistance of thrombi older than 3 h to proteolytic
degradation
may be abrogated by the administration of free radical scavengers,
particularly
those that can be neutralized by virtue of aromatic hydroxylation,
such as
salicylates and polyphenolic compounds.


Keywords Free radicals - Fibrin(ogen) - Proteolysis - Chelating
agents -
Free radical scavengers


Boguslaw Lipinski
Email:


------******-----


Deep Vein Thrombosis FAQ


Question: What is Deep Vein Thrombosis.?


Answer: DVT is the name given to a blood clot that forms
in a vein, most commonly in the calf. On a plane, DVT
can be caused partly by dehydration - it gets very dry
in planes and the blood becomes thicker than usual - and
by not moving about.


Long-haul, direct flights may carry the biggest risk
because there is less opportunity to move around.


Question: What happens.?


Answer: A combination of inactivity, sluggish
circulation and thicker blood results in a clot forming
on the side wall of a vein.


Platelets in the blood stick to each other and to the
wall.


The clot gets slowly bigger and obstructs the vein,
although it is rare for the whole vein to become blocked.


Question: Why does it happen.?


Answer: Because it is a long way from the bottom of the
leg back to the heart, the calf muscle acts as a vein pump
to send the blood back up. The problem is it only works
when the muscle is working, so if you are sitting in a
chair or lying for a long time the calf muscle takes time
out.


Question: Why does that cause a clot.?


Answer: The blood is thicker, both because of dehydration
and because it is not moving about, and as a result there
is a tendency for it to become sluggish and clot.


When you eventually stand up, the muscle gets going and
the clot or a bit of it may break off and head up towards
the heart along with a tail of debris which has built up
behind and may be several inches long. It arrives in the
right side of the heart and is pumped into the lungs,
becoming a pulmonary embolism. If it is big enough to clog
up vessel it can have a big impact on breathing. The whole
functioning of the lung can be compromised.


Question: Who is at risk?.


Answer: Factors include being over 40, although there have
been younger victims. Others include being on the Pill,
smoking, overweight or having a previous DVT or recent
major surgery.


Also more susceptible are those suffering from the gene
mutation known as Factor V Leidan, found in one in twenty
of the population. It affects the clotting performance
of the blood, increasing sevenfold the sufferers
vulnerability to flight related DVT.


Few are unaware that they suffer from the mutation and
while it can be picked up in tests they are too expensive
to allow for mass screening. It is also believed that
passengers are at risk of DVT if they become dehydrated
through drinking alcohol and if they use sleeping pills.
The deep sleep induced by some knock-out drugs leads to
a long period of inactivity and lowers oxygen in the blood,
increasing stickiness.


DVT can also occur during pregnancy, because there is an
increased tendency for the blood to form clots, a natural
mechanism to prevent bleeding during childbirth.


Question: What are the symptoms?.


Answer: Early signs are swelling of the ankle. But remember
that many people get swollen ankles during flight.
However an indication that it might be DVT is when one
ankle swells much more than the other.


There may also be localised redness and some pain. More
serious symptoms are a cough, breathlessness, a rapid
heartbeat, and palpitations.


Question: What should you do?.


Answer: Seek medical advice quickly.


Question: How Serious is it?.


Answer: A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening and
needs immediate medical attention. If it blocks a major
artery feeding the lung it can cause death from respiratory
or cardiac failure because the heart cannot get the blood
through the system.


Question: Is it always fatal?.


Answer: No. Many people get DVT and never realise it. The
clot can just sit there and not turn into an embolism. It
can be a smaller clot which goes into the lung and causes
respiratory problems but not catastrophic failure.


Or sometimes a pulmonary embolism can go unnoticed by the
victim because it is not a major part of the lung which
becomes clogged up.


Sometimes the clot does not break off at all and simply
remains as a deep vein thrombosis.


Do's and Don'ts


DO: Always have a glass of water in front of you. Make
sure drink plenty of water (or juice) both during and
before the flight. Carbonated (Seltzer) Ginger drinks
are particularly beneficial.


DO: Get up and walk up and down the aisle when you get
a chance.


DO: Take an aspirin before the flight to thin the blood.
But check with your GP, aspirin is not advisable with
conditions such as stomach ulcers.


DO: Try elastic stoking, particularly if you have varicose
veins. They apply constant pressure down the leg and aid
the blood flow.


DON'T: Drink alcohol, it dehydrates you.


DON'T: Drink too much coffee or tea; like alcohol they
can dehydrate you.


DON'T: Have any kind of obstruction near or around the
calves when seated.


DON'T: Go to sleep with any constriction on lower legs.


DON'T: Wear tight socks, though you can wear the airline
versions which are not constricting.


DON'T: Smoke. even assuming the airline allows it.


NEW DRUG


A new generation drug has been launched which can
dramatically reduce the serious risk of potentially fatal blood
clots following orthopaedic surgery.


Deep vein thrombosis - blood clots in the legs - caused by
"economy class syndrome" on long-haul flights has
attracted much publicity.


But a much bigger cause of clots both in the legs and the
lungs is orthopaedic operations such as hip replacement,
repair of hip fractures and major knee surgery.


With no preventative treatment, an estimated 50% of the
180,000 UK patients undergoing surgery to lower limbs
each year will develop deep vein thrombosis.


DVT often occurs without the patient or doctors knowing,
and may lead to a blood clot in the lung, or pulmonary
embolism, which can be fatal.


Current treatments reduce the hazard, but a 15% to 30%
risk remains that a patient will develop either DVT or PE.


In 2000-2001 there were in excess of 45,000 NHS hospital
admissions resulting from DVT or PE, of which more than
80% were emergencies.


The new drug, fondaparinux sodium, sold under the brand
name Arixtra, is said to reduce the risk by a further 50% - a
massive improvement.


John Skinner, consultant orthopaedic surgeon at the Royal
National Orthopaedic Hospital in Stanmore, Middlesex,
said: "There remains a need for an effective, well-tolerated
agent that will help to prevent venous thromboembolism
(blood clots). Such a therapy could save lives and reduce
the pressure on the NHS when it has to cope with this
dangerous yet difficult to diagnose condition."


Arixtra is the first of a new class of drug which targets a
particular protein called activated factor X that plays a key
role in clotting blood. Trials have shown it to be more than
50% more effective than the currently most widely
prescribed anti-clotting agent, enoxaparin. Unlike
enoxaparin, however, Arixtra does not affect the blood
platelets which help prevent bleeding.


2 July 2002


Exposure to infrasound generated by jet engines proposed as
essential cause of Airline Passenger’s DVT Syndrome -and of
Temporal Lobe Atrophy in airline hostesses.


Size of the problem.
According to www.aviation-health.org of the 54 million
passengers carried by European airlines on longhaul trips
for an average of 9.4 hours, one million passengers suffer
from air-related DVT, or around 5%. On short haul trips of
3 to 4 hours it is 1 to 2%.
The UK lobby group ‘Victims of Air-Related DVT Association’
(VARDA) is linked to this website.


www.airhealth.org has collated 21 medical reports leading
to a conservative estimate of one million airline passengers
diagnosed and treated in the USA each year, with 100,000
fatalities. Combining the European and US figures, we may
have greatly in excess of these last numbers per annum.


In a recent trial, Scurr et al (2001) showed that around
10% of long haul (median 24 hours) passengers older than
50 but without other known risk factors developed ‘symptomless’
DVT after one return flight, returning to the UK within
6 weeks. This appears to be a significant finding
(the general population is more at risk) which has not yet
impacted on the mind of the travelling public. These smaller
blood clots are capable of moving to the lungs, sometimes
with fatal results. However, in this trial all positive cases
were treated with heparin and referred to their GP’s.


There are two Class Actions in progress, one involving Collins
Solicitors working with VARDA in the UK on a A$55 million case
against several airlines, alleging that the airlines did not
warn passengers of the risks of developing DVT; the other
Slater & Gordon in Australia suing Qantas, BA, KLM and the
Australian air safety body CASA on the same basis as at
July 2001.


The website www.flyana.com provides professional insight into
how airline passenger health has been compromised by commercial
or economic considerations in recent years.


Another website..
http://www.vascularsociety.org.uk/pa...vt_travel.html


Complete report free by email from: "David Collier"



Acknowledgements: Daily Mail, Ananova, Dave Collier and Joe Curry


--


www.edinburghairport.org.uk
Scotland's most convenient/accessible airport.
https://www.germanwings.com/images/f...ted_image_map_...
http://www.yabbers.com/phpbb/?mforum=edinburghairpor


Who loves ya.
Tom


Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/634q5a


Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595


DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
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On Jun 27, 11:05*am, ironjustice wrote:
blood becomes thicker

One of the problems of too much blood / increased red blood cell
production / thick blood is heart problems.
Lowering of too much blood was and is accomplished by blood donation.

"Blood donation as a form of bloodletting to alleviate the symptoms of
`thick blood'."

http://bod.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/123

Addressing 'thick blood' lowers the death rate to zero.

http://tinyurl.com/35dug

"This is the largest published study measuring blood volume and
patient outcomes.
The death rate was almost 55% vs. 0% for those patients who were
normovolemic to slightly hypovolemic"

-------------------------


"Idiopathic anasarca" is what the ancient physicians called plethora,
which was just too much blood, and which venesecton removed.
Such anasarca is almost universal after middle life"


Br Med J. 1915 June 19; 1(2842): 1069.


Copyright notice
BLOODLETTING IN PNEUMONIA
John Haddon
BLOODLETTING IN PNEUMONIA.
Sir, Dr. Balms's communication in the Journal of June 5th, p. 970,
telling how he treats some cases of pneumonia, deserves to be
noticed.
It was the late Professor John Hughes Bennet who first advocated the
expectant treatment of pneumonia, and his book on the subject was
translated into many languages.
I acted as his resident in the clinical wards of the Edinburgh Royal
Infirmary, and , by his directions, I occasionally bled patients.
Bennet would have bled the cases Dr. Balm describes , and if the idea
is original on his part , he deserves credit.
Talking about his letter with a medical friend , he told me that he
had a patient whose nose bled profusely; he failed to stop it, and
the
late Dr. Joseph Bell was consulted he told my friend that his father
would , in such a case , have opened a vein, and that was what Dr.
Joseph Bell did.
He did not take more than two tablespoonsfuls of blood , and there
was
no more bleeding from the nose.
Our grandfathers used to be bled every spring, and I have heard
Professor Bennet tell of the row of patients waiting to be bled.
Lanquid and lazy before being bled, they felt as if their youth were
renewed by the bleeding.
I heard Sir T. Clifford Allbutt tell of having had a patient
suffering
from a pulse of very high tension, who was kept for a year by one
venesection; in these days of so-called sudden death from heart
failure or apoplexy , which I look upon as an opprobrium to the
physician, it would be well to resort to an annual bleeding aagain,
unless the profession can be converted to the views set forth in my
book which proves that food is the chief cause of disease, and
restricts the quantity , as well as changes the quality , of the
patients food.
In what has been called "idiopathic anasarca" we have a neurosis ,
due
to what the ancient physicians called plethora, which was just too
much blood, and which venesecton removed.
Such anasarca is almost universal after middle life, and I have found
it in some quite young , proving that even the youngest may be
injured
by the food they eat.
Such facts ought to encourage the study of dietetics which the
General
Medical Council would do well to make a compulsory subject of
examination for every licence to practice medicine. -- I am, etc.,
Hawick June 7th, John Haddon, M.D.


PMCID: PMC2302502
----------------

"This is the largest published study measuring blood volume and
patient outcomes. The death rate was almost 55% vs. 0% for
those patients who were normovolemic to slightly hypovolemic"

5/24/2004
Study Involving Survival of Congestive Heart Failure Patients and
Blood Volume Measurement Using the BVA-100

New York, NY, May 24, 2004 – Daxor Corporation (AMEX: DXR),
a medical instrumentation and biotechnology company, today
announced a new study involving blood volume measurement and
the survival of congestive heart failure patients.
The study, conducted at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center,
ranked as the #1 hospital in the NY region, was published in The
American Journal of Cardiology (2004;93:1254-1259).
The study, authored by Dr. Stuart Katz , currently an Associate
Professor at Yale Medical School , and Dr. Ana- Silvia Androne,
et al. utilized the BVA-100 Blood Volume Analyzer to measure the
degree of blood volume expansion in congestive heart failure patients
and the eventual outcome of these severely ill patients.
The patients had a median follow up for a total of 719 days.
This is the largest published study measuring blood volume and
patient
outcomes.
Congestive heart failure is the number one cause for admission to
hospitals for patients over 65 years of age and results in annual
healthcare costs exceeding $38 billion.

The study is notable for a number of significant findings.
The study followed severely ill congestive heart failure patients for
a
median follow up of 719 days.
During the first year, the major finding was a 39% death rate in
patients
that were hypervolemic (excess blood volume) vs. 0% death rate for
those who were normovolemic/hypovolemic (normal blood volume/mildly
reduced blood volume).
For those hypervolemic patients that were followed fora median
duration
of 719 days, the death rate was almost 55% vs. 0% for those patients
who were normovolemic to slightly hypovolemic.

The second finding was based on comparing the ability of a
cardiologist when performing a comprehensive physical examination to
evaluate whether the patient had hypervolemia, normovolemia or
hypovolemia.
The study found that physicians were only correct 51% of
the time in categorizing the blood volume status of the patient.
Another finding was that the systolic blood pressure for the
hypervolemic group was significantly lower as compared to that of the
normo/hypovolemic group.
This may be related to Vasodilators, which are commonly used to treat
congestive heart failure.
An additional observation was that patients in the normo/hypovolemic
group had better kidney blood flow than the hypervolemic patients.
Dr. Joseph Feldschuh, President of Daxor, who is a cardiologist,
stated “At the present time, it is very difficult for experienced
physicians to judge when they have over-treated or under- treated
patients.
More precise treatment has the potential for reducing the
frequency and extent of hospitalization of congestive heart failure
patients.
The treatment for hypervolemia is different than the treatment for
hypovolemia in heart failure.
Dr. Androne and Dr. Katzs’ study demonstrates the difficulty a
physician faces in distinguishing these conditions and administering
optimum therapy.
The difference in the survival rate between the different groups of
heart
failure patients suggests that adjusting medical therapy in a heart
failure
patient to normalize his/her blood volume can improve the longevity
of
the patient.”


Daxor Corporation manufactures and markets the BVA-100, a semi-
automated Blood Volume Analyzer.
The BVA-100 is used in conjunction with a single use diagnostic kit,
and measures blood volume to within a 98% accuracy.
For more information regarding Daxor Corporation's Blood Volume
Analyzer
BVA-100, visit Daxor's website www.Daxor.com.


For more infomation, please contact:
Stephen Feldschuh
Chief Operating Officer
212-330-8515
email: Diane Meegan
Investor Relations
212-330-8512
email:
--------------------------

This says bloodletting and / or menstruation alleviates
accumulation of blood and hyperviscosity / 'thick blood' and
should be used as a **selling point** in blood donation centers.


Alleviative Bleeding: Bloodletting, Menstruation
and the Politics of Ignorance in a Brazilian Blood
Donation Centre
Emilia Sanabria
Centre Edgar Morin (EHESS/CNRS),


This article focuses on blood donation as a form of bloodletting
in a context where donation is commonly seen to alleviate the
symptoms of `thick blood'.
It deals with the gendered aspects of blood donation, and the
parallels drawn between donating blood and menstruating.
Women are seen not to need to donate blood as much as men,
who, in the absence of menstruation, are more prone to thick
blood and require a means to expunge the ensuing excess.
While blood donation professionals strive to reconstruct donation
as a selfless and ungendered act, counterposing the `facts' of
arterial blood circulation to local blood-lore and beliefs, lay
understandings challenge this construction in the use they make
of blood donation centres or by reiterating the personalistic and
gendered dimensions of donation.
The article explores cases of patients who use hormonal
contraceptives which suppress menstruation and express concerns
over the resulting accumulation of blood in the body.
It considers how blood donation is adopted by some women as
a means of dispelling both the perceived inconveniences of menstrual
bleeding and its swelling effects.
Such literalized engagements with medical technologies reveal a
conception of the body as a permeable, malleable and recipient-like
enclosure.
These views are often characterized as `ignorance' by medical
practitioners, where ignorance is seen to derive not only from the
absence
of knowledge, but from the presence of the wrong kind of knowledge.


Key Words: anthropology • blood • Brazil • humours •
menstrual suppression • menstruation


Body & Society, Vol. 15, No. 2, 123-144 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1357034X09104112


------------

Who loves ya.
Tom


Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh


Man Is A Herbivore!
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DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk

On Jun 27, 7:19*pm, ironjustice wrote:
thrombosis

"Iron Accelerates Thrombosis"

http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/cont...ll/107/20/2601

Basic Science Reports

Chronic Iron Administration Increases Vascular Oxidative Stress
and Accelerates Arterial Thrombosis
Circulation. 2003;107:2601-2606Sharlene M. Day, MD;
Damon Duquaine, BS; Lakshmi V. Mundada, MS;
Rekha G. Menon, MD; Bobby V. Khan, MD, PhD;
Sanjay Rajagopalan, MD; William P. Fay, MD
From the University of Michigan Medical School,
Division of Cardiology, Ann Arbor
(S.M.D., D.D., L.V.M., S.R., W.P.F.); and
Emory University School of Medicine,
Division of Cardiology, Atlanta, Ga (R.G.M., B.V.K.).

Correspondence to Sharlene M. Day, MD,
University of Michigan Medical Center,
7301 MSRB III, 1150 W Medical Center Dr,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0644.
E-mail


Abstract

Background—
Iron overload has been implicated in the
pathogenesis of ischemic cardiovascular events.
However, the effects of iron excess on vascular function
and the thrombotic response to vascular injury are not
well understood.

Methods and Results—
We examined the effects of chronic iron dextran
administration (15 mg over 6 weeks) on thrombosis,
systemic and vascular oxidative stress, and
endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity in mice.
Thrombus generation after photochemical carotid
artery injury was accelerated in iron-loaded mice
(mean time to occlusive thrombosis, 20.4±8.5 minutes;
n=10) compared with control mice (54.5±35.5 minutes, n=10,
P=0.009).
Iron loading had no effect on plasma clotting, vessel
wall tissue factor activity, or ADP-induced platelet
aggregation.
Acute administration of DL-cysteine, a reactive oxygen
species scavenger, completely abrogated the effects of iron
loading on thrombus formation, suggesting that iron
accelerated thrombosis through a pro-oxidant mechanism.
Iron loading enhanced both systemic and vascular reactive
oxygen species production.
Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired in
iron-loaded mice, indicating reduced NO bioavailability.

Conclusions—
Moderate iron loading markedly accelerates thrombus
formation after arterial injury, increases vascular
oxidative stress, and impairs vasoreactivity.
Iron-induced vascular dysfunction may contribute to
the increased incidence of ischemic cardiovascular
events that have been associated with chronic iron
overload.


Key Words: thrombosis • free radicals • arteries


Published online before print May 5, 2003,
doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000066910.02844.D0
(Circulation. 2003;107:2601.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

--------------------

Who loves ya.
Tom


Jesus Was A Vegetarian!
http://tinyurl.com/2r2nkh


Man Is A Herbivore!
http://tinyurl.com/4rq595


DEAD PEOPLE WALKING
http://tinyurl.com/zk9fk