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#1
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definition of "dual controls"
91.109 prohibits some types of instruction without "fully functioning
dual controls". Can anyone point to an FAA source for how this phrase is defined? While throw over yokes are dealt with in 91.109, what about dual brakes and rudders? |
#2
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"Lee Elson" wrote in message om... 91.109 prohibits some types of instruction without "fully functioning dual controls". Can anyone point to an FAA source for how this phrase is defined? While throw over yokes are dealt with in 91.109, what about dual brakes and rudders? There have been conflicting interpretations from different FSDOs. (So what else is new?) FAA finally sent a letter to the FSDOs saying that dual controls means dual flight controls, so dual brakes are not necessary. Dual rudders would be required. FAA sent AOPA a copy of the "letter of interpretation." (HBGA 00-08) http://www.aopa.org/whatsnew/regulatory/hgba.pdf |
#3
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"C J Campbell" wrote in message
... There have been conflicting interpretations from different FSDOs. (So what else is new?) FAA finally sent a letter to the FSDOs saying that dual Related to this, if only "instrument training" is allowed in an airplane without dual controls, does that include initial instrument rating training? In other words, a student's first low IMC landing could occur in an airplane for which he has the only controls? Yet on the following CAVU sunny morning it would be illegal for the same instructor/pilot/airplane team to do practice VFR landings? Does something seem amiss here? -------------------- Richard Kaplan, CFII www.flyimc.com |
#4
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"Richard Kaplan" wrote in message s.com... Related to this, if only "instrument training" is allowed in an airplane without dual controls, does that include initial instrument rating training? The regulations are quite clear that this is what they are talking about. The aircraft must be equipped with at least a throw-over yoke and the pilot must be at least a private pilot. The same goes for simulated instrument flight; the safety pilot must either have his own controls or the plane has to have a throw-over yoke. It is the responsibility of the instructor or safety pilot to determine whether the flight can be conducted safely -- effectively appointing the safety pilot PIC. So, yes, a pilot's first landing in low IMC could be conducted in an airplane without dual controls, but only if the instructor or safety pilot has determined that it is safe for the pilot to do that. Now then, if you want to really wonder if the regulations make sense: What kind of airplane would have a control seat where the safety pilot seated there does not have adequate vision forward and to each side, but a 'competent observer' seated somewhere else would? It appears that the safety pilot could wear a hood and log simulated instrument time, too, as long as there is a 'competent observer' on board. There are no qualifications listed for the 'competent observer' other than, of course, he is 'competent.' I suppose you could train your dog to bark whenever he sees an airplane.... I have visions of the pilot and safety pilot seated in a cockpit with the windows painted black, while a wing walker shouts down instructions through a speaking tube. § 91.109 Flight instruction; Simulated instrument flight and certain flight tests. (a) No person may operate a civil aircraft (except a manned free balloon) that is being used for flight instruction unless that aircraft has fully functioning dual controls. However, instrument flight instruction may be given in a single-engine airplane equipped with a single, functioning throwover control wheel in place of fixed, dual controls of the elevator and ailerons when— (1) The instructor has determined that the flight can be conducted safely; and (2) The person manipulating the controls has at least a private pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings. (b) No person may operate a civil aircraft in simulated instrument flight unless— (1) The other control seat is occupied by a safety pilot who possesses at least a private pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft being flown. (2) The safety pilot has adequate vision forward and to each side of the aircraft, or a competent observer in the aircraft adequately supplements the vision of the safety pilot; and (3) Except in the case of lighter-than-air aircraft, that aircraft is equipped with fully functioning dual controls. However, simulated instrument flight may be conducted in a single-engine airplane, equipped with a single, functioning, throwover control wheel, in place of fixed, dual controls of the elevator and ailerons, when— (i) The safety pilot has determined that the flight can be conducted safely; and (ii) The person manipulating the controls has at least a private pilot certificate with appropriate category and class ratings. (c) No person may operate a civil aircraft that is being used for a flight test for an airline transport pilot certificate or a class or type rating on that certificate, or for a part 121 proficiency flight test, unless the pilot seated at the controls, other than the pilot being checked, is fully qualified to act as pilot in command of the aircraft. |
#5
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