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#11
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The ONLY waypoints that can NOT be substituted by approved GPS in
Canada are NDBs and VORs used for Missed Approaches (i.e. you must have an NDB or VOR as the case may be or request different missed approach instructions). Weird but true. A.I.P. 3.16.4.3.1. says "GPS may be used to identify all fixes defined by DME, VOR, VOR/DME and NDB, including fixes that are part of any IAP, to navigate to and from these fixes, ..." So far, so good. Next paragraph: "For these approaches [NDB and VOR approaches without a GPS overlay], and for approaches based on a LOC for lateral guidance, pilots shall not use GPS for missed approach guidance when the missed approach procedure requires tracking to or from an NDB or VOR." To be totally clear, this applies only to approaches that do not have a GPS overlay and it does not apply to GPS approaches, of course. Gerd T182 C-FDOW |
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