Turbo Supercharges of Aircraft Systems

The most efficient method of increasing horsepower in a reciprocating
engine is by use of a turbo supercharger, or turbo charger, as it is
usually called. ( from the http://ma3naido.blogspot.com/2007/10...rchargers.html
blogs) A drawback of gear-driven superchargers is that they use a
large amount of the engine's power output for the amount of power
increase they produce. This problem is avoided with a turbo charger,
because turbo chargers are powered by an engine's exhaust gases. This
means a turbo charger recovers energy from hot exhaust gases that
would otherwise be lost.

Another advantage of turbo chargers is that they can be controlled to
maintain an engine's rated sea-level horsepower from sea level up to
the engine's critical altitude. Critical altitude is the maximum
altitude at which a turbo charged engine can produce its rated
horsepower. Above the critical altitude, power output begins to
decrease like it does for a normally aspirated engine.

Turbo chargers increase the pressure of the engine's induction air,
which allows the engine to develop sea level or greater horsepower at
higher altitudes. A turbo charger is comprised of two main elements-a
turbine and a compressor. The compressor section houses an impeller
that turns at a high rate of speed. As induction air is drawn across
the impeller blades, the impeller accelerates the air, allowing a
large volume of air to be drawn into the compressor housing. The
impeller's action subsequently produces high-pressure, high-density
air, which is delivered to the engine. To turn the impeller, the
engine's exhaust gases are used to drive a turbine wheel that is
mounted on the opposite end of the impeller's drive shaft. By
directing different amounts of exhaust gases to flow over the turbine,
more energy can be extracted, causing the impeller to deliver more
compressed air to the engine. The waste gate is used to vary the mass
of exhaust gas flowing into the turbine. A waste gate is essentially
an adjustable butterfly valve that is installed in the exhaust system.
When closed, most of the exhaust gases from the engine are forced to
flow through the turbine. When open, the exhaust gases are allowed to
bypass the turbine by flowing directly out through the engine's
exhaust pipe.

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