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Junkers F 13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_F_13
The Junkers F 13 was the world's first all-metal transport aircraft, developed in Germany at the end of World War I. It was an advanced cantilever-wing monoplane, with enclosed accommodation for four passengers. Over 300 were sold. It was in production for thirteen years and in commercial service for almost twenty. The F 13 was a very advanced aircraft when built, an aerodynamically clean all-metal low-wing cantilever (without external bracing) monoplane. Even later in the 1920s, it and other Junkers types were unusual as unbraced monoplanes in a biplane age, with only Fokker's designs of comparable modernity. It was the world's first all-metal passenger aircraft and Junkers' first commercial aircraft. The designation letter F stood for Flugzeug, aircraft; it was the first Junkers aeroplane to use this system. Earlier Junkers notation labelled it J 13. Russian-built aircraft used the designation Ju 13. Like all Junkers duralumin-structured designs, from the 1918 J 7 to the 1932 Ju 46, (some 35 models), it used an aluminium alloy (duralumin) structure entirely covered with Junkers' characteristic corrugated and stressed duralumin skin. Internally, the wing was built up on nine circular cross-section duralumin spars with transverse bracing. All control surfaces were horn balanced. Behind the single engine was a semi-enclosed cockpit for the crew, roofed but without side glazing. There was an enclosed and heated cabin for four passengers with windows and doors in the fuselage sides. Passenger seats were fitted with seat belts, unusual for the time. The F 13 used a fixed conventional split landing gear with a rear skid, though some variants landed on floats or on skis. The F 13 first flew on 25 June 1919, powered by a 127 kW (170 hp) Mercedes D IIIa inline upright water-cooled engine. The first production machines had a wing of greater span and area and had the more powerful 140 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa upright inline water-cooled motor. Many variants were built using Mercedes, BMW, Junkers, and Armstrong Siddeley Puma liquid-cooled inline engines, and Gnome-Rhône Jupiter and Pratt & Whitney Hornet air-cooled radial engines. The variants were mostly distinguished by a two letter code, the first letter signifying the airframe and the second the engine. Junkers L5-engined variants all had the second letter -e, so type -fe was the long fuselage -f airframe with a L5 engine. Role small passenger transport Manufacturer Junkers Designer Otto Reuter First flight June 25, 1919 Introduction 1920 Retired late 1930s Primary users Junkers Luftverkehr DLH, LAB, LOT, ÖLAG Produced 1919–1932 Number built 322 Most of the F 13s produced before completion of the marque in 1932 were built at Junkers German base at Dessau. During the difficult 1921–3 period production was transferred to Junkers plants at Danzig and Reval. In 1922–3, Hugo Junkers signed a contract with the Soviet Union to produce the aircraft in a Soviet factory at Fili near Moscow which became known as "Plant no. 22". Some of these aircraft served Soviet airlines and some the Red Army. There were some other military users. The Colombian Air Force used the F 13 (and the related W.33, W.34 and K.43) as bombers[citation needed] in the Colombia–Peru War in 1932–3. The Republic of China flew F 13s converted into scout bombers until the January 28 Incident in 1932, when they were destroyed by the Japanese along with the Shanghai Aircraft Factory. The Turkish Flying Forces flew a few. A feature that made the F 13 popular internationally was the ease with which its landing gear could be converted to floats. During the formative years of commercial aviation, bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, seas and oceans were more abundant than landing strips and civil airports in many parts of the world, so seaplanes were commonplace and even, in some places, more useful than regular aircraft. Aside from the obvious addition of floats, little modification was needed for this conversion; however, the different configuration could cause issues with directional control, and so some models had their rudder extended to compensate for this. From their introduction in 1919, commercial F 13s were in service for more than thirty years; the last commercial F 13 was retired in Brazil in 1951. Specifications (F 13) General characteristics Crew: two Capacity: four passengers or 689 kg (1,519 lb) payload Length: 9.59 m (31 ft 6 in) F 13fe: 10.50 m (34 ft)Wingspan: 14.8 m (48 ft 7 in) F 13fe: 17.75 m (58 ft)Height: 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in) F 13fe: 3.60 m (12 ft)Wing area: 34.50 m2 (371.4 sq ft) F 13fe: 44 m2 (474 sq ft)Empty weight: 951 kg (2,097 lb) F 13fe: 1,480 kg (3,263 lb)Max takeoff weight: 1,640 kg (3,616 lb) F 13fe: 2,318 kg (5,110 lb)Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.IIIa 6-cyl.water-cooled in-line piston engine, 118 kW (158 hp) F 13fe: 1 x 228 kW (306 hp) Junkers L5 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine Performance Maximum speed: 173 km/h (107 mph; 93 kn) F 13fe: 198 km/h (123 mph)Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph; 86 kn) F 13fe: 170 km/h (106 mph)Range: 1,400 km (870 mi; 756 nmi) Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) F 13fe: 5,090 m (16,699 ft)Rate of climb: 2.40 m/s (472 ft/min) Power/mass: 0.0712 kW/kg (0.0443 hp/lb) * |
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