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Soko J-22 Orao
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soko_J-22_Orao
The Soko J-22 Orao (Serbian: ????, lit. 'eagle') is a Yugoslav twin-engined, subsonic ground-attack and reconnaissance aircraft. It was designed as a single-seat main attack version or as a combat capable two-seat version for advanced flying and weapon training. It was developed as a joint Yugoslav-Romanian project in the 1970s for the air forces of both nations. It was built by SOKO in Yugoslavia and by Avioane Craiova as the IAR-93 Vultur in Romania. On 20 May 1971, the governments of Romania and Yugoslavia signed an agreement for the formation of YuRom, a joint R&D venture. The program was headed by Dipl. Dr. Engineer Teodor Zanfirescu of Romania and Colonel Vidoje Knezevic of Yugoslavia. The aircraft was intended as a replacement for the lightly armed Soko J-21 Jastreb and the Republic F-84 Thunderjet, then in the JNA arsenal. The requirements called for a light aircraft to be built on a simple structure, using locally produced equipment and avionics, tough (able to operate on grass or damaged runways), easy to maintain and reliable. The aircraft was of conventional twin-engine, high mounted wing monoplane configuration with all flying surfaces swept. The designers originally planned a single-engined supersonic aircraft, but Britain would not authorize the license for the engine the designers wanted (due to Romania being in the Warsaw Pact), so the less-powerful Rolls-Royce Viper was chosen as the powerplant, as Soko had experience with license-building this engine. It was originally intended that an afterburner would be developed for the Viper engines, but there were prolonged difficulties with this project, meaning that none of the pre-production aircraft featured it, and neither did early production examples. During the 1980s, both countries developed slightly different versions to take advantage of the afterburning engines that had since become available. On 22 November 1984, Orao 25101 piloted by test pilot Marjan Jelen broke the sound barrier in a shallow dive over Batajnica Air Base, becoming the first Yugoslav-designed aircraft to exceed Mach 1. The aircraft is incapable of breaking the sound barrier in level flight, so it is classified as subsonic. The J-22 is a twin-engined combat jet aircraft for close air support, ground attack and tactical reconnaissance warplane with limited air-defense capability. Standard communication and navigation equipment, plus (fire control and weapons management) Thompson-CSF VE-120T HUD replacing the original Ferranti ISIS D-282 gyro sight (defensive sensors and systems) Iskra SO-1 RWR and provision for up to three chaff/flare dispensers and P10-65-13 passive jammer pod, and (navigation) Honeywell SGP500 twin-gyro platform; there is also provision for an optical/IR reconnaissance pod or an optical reconnaissance/jammer pod. Role Attack aircraft Reconnaissance aircraft Manufacturer SOKO Designer VTI - Yugoslavia INCAS - Romania First flight November 1974 Introduction 1978 Status Active Primary users Yugoslav Air Force Serbian Air Force Bosnian Air Force Variants Avioane Craiova IAR-93 Vultur At the beginning of the Yugoslav wars, in Slovenia, J-22s flew over in a show of force, but did not drop any bombs. The first offensive action by the J-22 was in 1991 when the Yugoslav National Army used them to strike targets in Croatia.During the first year of war three J-22s were shot down, NJ-22 flown by Lieutenant Colonel Muse Begic who ejected safely and a J-22 flown by Major Z.Tomic (KIA) from the 238th. After the withdrawal of the JNA from Slovenia, the 82nd Aviation Brigade was relocated from Cerklje to Banja Luka Mahovljani air base. In 1992 when the Bosnian war started, the JNA left a single squadron of eight J-22s to the Republika Srpska Air Force. One J-22 was lost during the war. In 1999, Yugoslav J-22s saw limited combat against the KLA flying 20 combat missions. One J-22, piloted by Lt. Colonel ˇivota Šuric was lost on 25 March 1999 in unclear circumstances, either through malfunction, pilot error or KLA ground fire. In addition, 11 aircraft were destroyed on the ground, most at Ponikve airbase when a NATO air strike hit one hangar with six J-22 and two MiG-21 aircraft. Specifications (J-22) General characteristics Crew: one or two pilots Length: 13.02 m (42 ft 8½ in) Wingspan: 9.30 m (30 ft 6¼ in) Height: 4.52 m (14 ft 10 in) Wing area: 26.00 m² (279.9 ft²) Empty weight: 5,550 kg (12,125 lb) Max. takeoff weight: 11,080 kg (24,427 lb) Powerplant: 2 × Orao/Turbomecanica-built Rolls-Royce Viper Mk 633-41 turbojet Dry thrust: 17.79 kN (4,000 lbf) each Thrust with afterburner: 22.24 kN (5,000 lbf) each Performance Maximum speed: 1,130 km/h (610 knots, 702 mph) at sea level Stall speed: 185 km/h (100 knots, 115 mph) Combat radius: 522 km (282 nmi, 324 mi) (four BL755 cluster bombs and one 1,500 L drop tank) Ferry range: 1,320 km, 820 mi, 713 nmi () Service ceiling: 15,000 m (49,210 ft) Rate of climb: 89 m/s (17,520 ft/min) Armament Guns: 2 × 23 mm GSh-23L cannons Hardpoints: Five (four underwing and one centreline) with a capacity of 500 kg (1,100 lb) (wing pylons), 800 kg (1,770 lb) (centreline pylons) - total capacity 2,800 kg (6,200 lb) Missiles: AGM-65 Maverick TV guided AGM or Grom-1 Radio-guided AGM (based on Soviet Kh-23). Bombs: MK series bombs, BL755 cluster bombs, Matra Durandal anti-runway bombs,and laser guided bombs. * |
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