Junkers F.13

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_F.13

The Junkers F.13 (also known as the F 13) was the world's first all-metal
transport aircraft, developed in Germany at the end of World War I. It was an
advanced cantilever-wing monoplane, with enclosed accommodation for four
passengers. Over 300 were sold. It was in production for thirteen years and in
commercial service for almost twenty.

The F.13 was a very advanced aircraft when built, an aerodynamically clean
all-metal low-wing cantilever (without external bracing) monoplane. Even later
in the 1920s, it and other Junkers types were unusual as unbraced monoplanes in
a biplane age, with only Fokker's designs of comparable modernity. It was the
world's first all-metal passenger aircraft and Junkers' first commercial
aircraft.

The designation letter F stood for Flugzeug, aircraft; it was the first Junkers
aeroplane to use this system. Earlier Junkers notation labelled it J 13.
Russian-built aircraft used the designation Ju 13.

Like all Junkers duralumin-structured designs, from the 1918 J 7 to the 1932 Ju
46, (some 35 models), it used an aluminium alloy (duralumin) structure entirely
covered with Junkers' characteristic corrugated and stressed duralumin skin.
Internally, the wing was built up on nine circular cross-section duralumin spars
with transverse bracing. All control surfaces were horn balanced.

Behind the single engine was a semi-enclosed cockpit for the crew, roofed but
without side glazing. There was an enclosed and heated cabin for four passengers
with windows and doors in the fuselage sides. Passenger seats were fitted with
seat belts, unusual for the time. The F.13 used a fixed conventional split
landing gear with a rear skid, though some variants landed on floats or on skis.

The F 13 first flew on 25 June 1919, powered by a 127 kW (170 hp) Mercedes D
IIIa inline upright water-cooled engine. The first production machines had a
wing of greater span and area and had the more powerful 140 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa
upright inline water-cooled motor.


Role
small passenger transport

Manufacturer
Junkers

Designer
Otto Reuter

First flight
June 25, 1919

Introduction
1920

Retired
late 1930s

Primary users
Junkers Luftverkehr
DLH, LAB, LOT, ÖLAG

Produced
1919–1932

Number built
322

Any manufacturer of civil aircraft immediately after World War I was faced with
competition from the very large numbers of surplus warplanes that might be
cheaply converted – for example, the DH.9C. German manufacturers had further
problems with the restrictions imposed by the Inter-Allied Aeronautical
Commission of Control, which banned the production of warplanes and of any
aircraft in the period of 1921–2. Junkers picked up orders abroad in 1919 in
Austria, Poland and the USA and, in the following years with SCADTA (Colombia)
and the United States Post Office Department. John Larsen Aircraft in the USA
purchased a production licence, their machines being designated JL-6. In 1922
there were sales in England, France Italy and Japan.

Most of the F.13s produced before completion of the marque in 1932 were built at
Junkers German base at Dessau. During the difficult 1921–3 period production was
transferred to Junkers plants at Danzig and Reval. In 1922–3, Hugo Junkers
signed a contract with the Soviet Union to produce the aircraft in a Soviet
factory at Fili near Moscow which became known as "Plant no. 22". Some of these
aircraft served Soviet airlines and some the Red Army.

There were some other military users. The Colombian Air Force used the F.13 (and
the related W.33, W.34 and K.43) as bombers in the Colombia–Peru War in 1932–3.
The Republic of China flew F.13s converted into scout bombers until the January
28 Incident in 1932, when they were destroyed by the Japanese along with the
Shanghai Aircraft Factory. The Turkish Flying Forces flew a few.

From their introduction in 1919, commercial F.13s were in service for more than
thirty years; the last commercial F.13 was retired in Brazil in 1951.

Specifications (F.13)

General characteristics
Crew: two

Capacity: four passengers or 689 kg (1,519 lb) payload
Length: 9.59 m (31 ft 6 in)

F.13fe: 10.50 m (34 ft)Wingspan: 14.8 m (48 ft 7 in)

F.13fe: 17.75 m (58 ft)Height: 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in)

F.13fe: 3.60 m (12 ft)Wing area: 34.50 m2 (371.4 sq ft)

F.13fe: 44 m2 (474 sq ft)Empty weight: 951 kg (2,097 lb)

F.13fe: 1,480 kg (3,263 lb)Max takeoff weight: 1,640 kg (3,616 lb)

F.13fe: 2,318 kg (5,110 lb)Powerplant: 1 × Mercedes D.IIIa 6-cyl.water-cooled
in-line piston engine, 118 kW (158 hp)

F.13fe: 1 x 228 kW (306 hp) Junkers L5 6-cyl. water-cooled in-line piston engine
Performance
Maximum speed: 173 km/h (107 mph; 93 kn)

F.13fe: 198 km/h (123 mph)Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph; 86 kn)

F.13fe: 170 km/h (106 mph)Range: 1,400 km (870 mi; 756 nmi)
Service ceiling: 5,000 m (16,000 ft)

F.13fe: 5,090 m (16,699 ft)Rate of climb: 2.40 m/s (472 ft/min)
Power/mass: 0.0712 kW/kg (0.0443 hp/lb)




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